Concepto y estrategias de biorremediación
Résumé
La biorremediación es una tecnología que utiliza el potencial metabólico de losmicroorganismos (su capacidad de biodegradación) para limpiar terrenos o aguascontaminadas (Watanabe, 2001). También se puede definir como un grupo de tra-tamientos, contra la contaminación de un medio, que aplica sistemas biológicospara catalizar la destrucción o transformación de compuestos químicos en otrosmenos tóxicos (Atlas & Unterman, 1999; Hughes et al, 2000). Estos microorga-nismos utilizan su potencial enzimático para mineralizar los compuestos conta-minantes o degradarlos hasta productos intermedios, en un ambiente aerobio oanaerobio. Existen factores limitantes (King et al, 1997) como son: nutrientesesenciales (nitrógeno y/o fósforo), aceptores adecuados de electrones, condicio-nes medioambientales apropiadas (pH, potencial redox, humedad), inexistenciasde poblaciones microbianas con potencial enzimático.
Desde un punto de vista oficial, la academia americana de microbiología define labiorremediación como “la utilización de organismos vivos para reducir o eliminarriesgos medioambientales resultantes de la acumulación de compuestos químicostóxicos y otros residuos peligrosos” (Gibson & Sayler, 1992). Estas técnicas estánaprobadas por varias agencias reguladoras en todo el mundo (EPA, EnvironmentCanada, etc.). La metodología aplicada y sus conclusiones sobre el tema estándisponibles en publicaciones, informes y bases de datos de organismos públicosy privados en todo el mundo
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